Java HTTP

HttpURLConnection

早期的 JDK 版本是通过 HttpURLConnection 访问 HTTP

URL url = new URL("http://www.example.com/path/to/target?a=1&b=2");
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();

conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
conn.setUseCaches(false);
conn.setConnectTimeout(5000); // 请求超时5秒
// 设置HTTP头:
conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", "*/*");
conn.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 11; Windows NT 5.1)");

// 连接并发送HTTP请求:
conn.connect();

// 判断HTTP响应是否200:
if (conn.getResponseCode() != 200) {
    throw new RuntimeException("bad response");
}

// 获取所有响应Header:
Map<String, List<String>> map = conn.getHeaderFields();
for (String key : map.keySet()) {
    System.out.println(key + ": " + map.get(key));
}

// 获取响应内容:
InputStream input = conn.getInputStream();
...

HttpClient

Java 11 引入

import java.net.URI;
import java.net.http.*;
import java.net.http.HttpClient.Version;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {
    // 全局HttpClient:
    static HttpClient httpClient = HttpClient.newBuilder().build();

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        String url = "https://www.sina.com.cn/";
        HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder(new URI(url))
            // 设置Header:
            .header("User-Agent", "Java HttpClient").header("Accept", "*/*")
            // 设置超时:
            .timeout(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
            // 设置版本:
            .version(Version.HTTP_2).build();
        HttpResponse<String> response = httpClient.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString());
        // HTTP允许重复的Header，因此一个Header可对应多个Value:
        Map<String, List<String>> headers = response.headers().map();
        for (String header : headers.keySet()) {
            System.out.println(header + ": " + headers.get(header).get(0));
        }
        System.out.println(response.body().substring(0, 1024) + "...");
    }
}